Abstract:
Background: The aetiological spectrum of acute encephalitis shows inter- and intra-geographical variations.
We aimed to identify the viruses that cause infectious encephalitis in Sri Lanka, which represents a South Asian
population.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 99 patients with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis
admitted to two tertiary-care hospitals in Colombo. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum were tested for conventional
and emerging encephalitogenic viruses. Specific nucleic acid amplification and antibody assays were used to
identify viruses. Plaque reduction neutralization test was done to confirm the diagnosis of West Nile virus (WNV).
Results: Patients’ age ranged from 1 month to 73 years (mean = 24.91; SD = 21.33) with a male:female ratio of 1.
75:1. A viral aetiology was identified in only 27.3%. These included dengue virus (40.7%), Japanese encephalitis virus
(25.9%), varicella zoster virus, WNV and probable Epstein Barr virus (11.1% each). None were positive for herpes
simplex viruses or cytomegalovirus. Screening for bacterial aetiologies was negative for all patients. There were no
distinguishable clinical or laboratory findings between the different viral aetiologies. The case fatality rate was 7%,
which was higher among patients with an identified viral aetiology.
Conclusions: A viral aetiology was identified in only about a quarter of patients with encephalitis. Dengue virus
accounted for the majority.
