Abstract:
Increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration leading to acidification of water
bodies are major attributes of climate change. Amphibians are known to be highly-sensitive to
climate change. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to determine the chronic
physiological responses of Polypedates cruciger to climate change based on continuous exposure
to elevated temperature and CO2-induced acidification from early-larval to adult stages. Newlyhatched
tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger were allocated to treatment tanks containing dechlorinated
tap water and acclimatized for two weeks. The experimental treatments were two
elevated temperatures (E32 and E34), one elevated CO2 treatment (ECO2) treatment and a
Control at ambient temperature and CO2. In E32 and E34, water temperatures were elevated up
to 32±0.5o C and 34±0.5o C at ambient CO2 to represent predicted warming under Representative
Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 (E34) and RCP 2.6 (E32). In ECO2, CO2 in water was
elevated to maintain its pH between 5.5 and 5.6±0.1 to represent the range predicted by RCPs 8.5
and 2.6 respectively. Each treatment was triplicated with 15 tadpoles in each. The experiment
continued until the tadpoles reached Gosner Stage 42. Mean concentration of ammonia released
per individual was (AmRel) was calculated using ammonia concentration of each tank,
determined by Phenate method. AmRel of E34 and E32 were not significantly different from the
Control. AmRel of ECO2 was significantly higher than the Control during the first two weeks
however, the opposite was observed during the rest of experiment. AmRel of all treatments was
reduced during metamorphosis and showed weekly variations, with E34 treatment showing the
highest variation. Although statistically insignificant, the mean catalase activity was greater in
ECO2, while the overall swimming speed was lower in all treatments, compared to control.
Lysozyme activity of tadpoles was significantly greater in ECO2 compared to Control. The
number of leukocytes in 2000 erythrocytes was significantly different among ECO2, E32 and the
Control, with highest and lowest values being recorded from the Control and ECO2 respectively.
Deformities (oedema, tail kink, pale pigmentation) were most abundant in E32. Results showed
that temperature and CO2 elevations predicted under even the most eco-friendly scenario of
RCP2.6 (E32) can affect the physiology of Polypedates cruciger. In conclusion, the abundance
of deformities and physiological parameters such as ammonia excretion, swimming activity,
catalase enzyme activity and immunity in terms of lysozyme activity and WBC levels of
Polypedates cruciger are affected by predicted temperature and CO2 increases attributed to
future climate change.
